19. July 2018

Achieving pain control in acute pain situations such as battlefield injury, EMS first responders, emergency department cases and breakthrough cancer pain has quite often proved challenging [1-3]. Although opioid medications are effective at acute pain relief, current delivery methods can fail or prove inadequate in many circumstances. Oral delivery of opioids can delay the onset of relief due to slow absorption and a large hepatic first‐pass effect and is ineffective for emetic patients....